More about Genetic Explanations of Offending Behaviour, Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons, Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression, Social Psychological Explanation of Aggression, The Hydraulic Model of Instinctive Behaviour, The Self Congruence and Conditions of Worth, Classic and Contemporary Research into Memory, Classic and Contemporary Research into Obedience, Contemporary Research - Language of Psychopaths, Developmental Psychology in Obedience/Prejudice, Individual Differences in Ideological Attitudes and Prejudice, Issues and Debates in the Context of Obedience/Prejudice, Reconstruction From Memory in Naturalistic Environments, Circadian, Infradian and Ultradian Rhythms, Electroencephalogram (EEGs) and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs), Fight-or-Flight Response and The Role of Adrenaline, Plasticity and Functional Recovery of the Brain After Trauma, The Function of the Endocrine System - Glands and hormones, Psychological Perspectives and Etiology of Disorders, Psychological Perspectives in the Treatment of Disorders, The Rosenhan Study - The Influence of Labels, Bruner and Minturn Study of Perceptual Set, Gregory's Constructivist Theory of Perception, Issues and Debates in Developmental Psychology, The Gilchrist and Nesberg study of motivation, Baillargeon Explanation of Early Infant Abilities, Vygotskys theory of cognitive development, Analysis and Interpretation of Correlation, Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development, Anger Management and Restorative Justice Programmes, Level of Moral Reasoning and Cognitive Distortions, Psychodynamic Theories and The Moral Component, Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development, The Role of Chromosomes And Hormones In Gender, Duck's Phase Model of Relationship Breakdown, Ethical Issues and Ways of Dealing with Them, Peer Review and Economic Applications of Research, Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Reliability and Validity in Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Treatment and Therapies for Schizophrenia, Structuralism and Functionalism in Psychology, Ethical Issues in Social Influence Research, Penfield's Study of The Interpretive Cortex, We are going to explore the various genetic explanations in psychology for offending behaviours. Mistakes are instantly punished. One way in which genetics could potentially influence offending behaviour is by causing abnormal monoamine metabolism. Le Bon 1896: People in groups become infected with a kind of group hysteria and act in ways they would not do on their own. This paper performs a critical review of twin and adoption studies looking at possible genetic factors in criminal and antisocial behavior. Weakness Measures of aggression are artificial Experimental studies compare participants who play a violent computer game with those who play a non-violent computer game, but it is difficult to be certain that the two are equivalent in terms of game dimensions and the complexity of keys used Casts doubt on the validity of experimental studies and the link between media violence and aggression. Its not just an environmental issue (Edwards, 1968). Once it is out of the system, the animal is less aggressive again till the level of Action Specific Energy has built up again. Aggression is a result of frustration. Christensen, L. B. In:S.A. Mednick and K.O. Van Goozen (1997) conducted a natural experiment on trans-gender sex-change patients. Vicarious reinforcement : (i) Adult was rewarded, children were slightly more likely to copy; (ii) adult was punished, children were much less likely to copy. Christiansen, K.O. LockA locked padlock The desensitization argument suggests that if children watch too much violence on TV, they will be less scared and, therefore, more open to aggressive activity. This led to a massive improvement in behavior in the 1990s. Zimbardo found that ordinary students became aggressive and cruel when they took on the role of prison guard. Jealousy has evolved as a male response to the threat of infidelity. THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MZ AND DZ PAIRS AGREE WITH FINDINGS IN EARLIER TWIN STUDIES, BUT THE ABSOLUTE CONCORDANCE RATE FOR THE DANISH TWINS IS SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN THAT FOR STUDIES CONDUCTED IN OTHER COUNTRIES. Genetic Research in Psychiatry. 47288. author(s) k o christiansen. Anderson and Dill [2000] Found that playing a violent computer game led to more aggressive thoughts. However, this may not simply mean it looked better. Much of Milgrams thinking was influenced by events of the holocaust in Germany. THE PAIRWISE RATE OF CONCORDANCE, WHICH HAS BEEN USED IN ALL THE PREVIOUS CHRIMINOLOGICAL TWIN TWIN STUDIES, IS FOR MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) MALES, 35 PERCENT; FOR DIZYGOTIC (DZ) MALES, 13 PERCENT; FOR MZ FEMALES, 21 PERCENT; AND FOR DZ FEMALES, 8 PERCENT. [Mullin and Linz 1995], Children who believe their heroes are realistic, Children who believe the media reflects real life. Most evidence linking low levels of serotonin and aggression is only correlational and does not indicate causality. Females given testosterone as adults did not react in this way, suggesting that testosterone masculinizes aggression systems in the brain at birth. People become less likely to notice violence in real life. So Berkowitz argues that we learn anti-social attitudes from the media, and these are associated with certain triggers. Priks (2010) has tried to explain football violence this way. Plomin and Asbury (2005) conducted a review that highlighted that, just as environmental research needs to consider the influence of genetics, genetics research needs to consider the role of the environment. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. The central idea of social learning theory is that people do not need rewards to learn aggression, they may copy the behavior of others, but this is less likely if they see the other people being punished. Tends to overlook the effects of socialization and other environmental issues, such as environmental stressors. It appeared to suggest that emotional areas of the cortex are to some extent switched off during the game, perhaps an adaptive mechanism that permits an animal to focus on survival. In the natural world, a certain level of natural fear should make people hold back from violent situations. The environment also plays an important role in affecting offending behaviour and can interact with one's genetic predispositions to offending. Christiansen (Eds.) Click here for AO3 suggestions on this unit. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Deterministic: Evolutionary explanations may seem to suggest that aggression is natural, but Figuerdo [1995] suggests jealousy and domestic violence are context-specific, not inherent. While most modern researchers acknowledge that family studies are unable to separate possible genetic and environ-mental influences, it is argued here that twin studies are similarly unable to disentan- . They may also have problems that cause problems with relationships. Pinker (1997) suggests aggression evolved in men to compete for women. Moreover, the MAOA gene has been linked to impaired control of aggression. SOCIAL BACKGROUND FACTORS THAT WERE CONSIDERED INCLUDED BIRTH YEAR, BIRTH PLACE, FATHER'S SOCIAL CLASS, AND SERIOUSNESS OF CRIME. The danger is that it justifies deviant behavior: Plenty of people suffer injustice or unfairness and do not turn to violence. The researchers found that the males had a genetic condition which became later known as Brunner syndrome (it is important to note that females only carry this condition, as it only affects the MAOA production gene on the single X chromosome in males). In the late 70s, Karl Christiansen launched a large-scale study of 3,586 twin pairs in Denmark. Results of twin studies have helped in prevention of vulnerable disorders; Christiansen (1977) supports the view that criminality does have a genetic component; Disadvantages. 127. This would be maladaptive bad for the species. Holst [1954] found that instead of getting it out of the system, aggressive action could feed back to make the person angrier and increasingly more aggressive. Using old Danish police records, Christiansen (1977) demonstrated that levels of criminality showed a stronger correlation between identical twins with the same genes than between dizygotic twins. New York:Rockefeller University Press. Weakness Confounding variables in longitudinal studies Over lengthy periods of time, many sources of aggression interact with media influences such as role models; therefore, it is difficult to separate them and assess contributions to aggressive behavior It is impossible to conclude that violent media rather than confounding variables have affected aggression. THESE DIFFERENCES ARE ANALYZED IN TERMS OF HEREDITARY FACTORS INTERACTING WITH SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS THAT PROVIDE DISTINCTIVE PATTERNS AND DEGREES OF RESISTANCE TO DEVIANT BEHAVIOR. The MAOA gene (controls dopamine and serotonin and has been linked to aggressive behaviour), and the CDH13 gene (linked to substance abuse and attention deficit disorder). With these particular questions, there is a sizeable risk that people dont understand the difference between the questions and then write about the wrong thing. Evolutionary Explanations of Human Aggression. Low levels of Cortisol in delinquent teenagers with conduct disorder (Fairchild, 2008). However, Berkowitz addressed these inadequacies by developing his negative affect theory. 45. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Found that video game violence exposure is related to increases in aggressive affect, cognition, and behavior Freud wrote about the build-up of sexual energy [Libido], and Lorenz applied a similar idea here. What are biological explanations of offending behaviour? Violent films led to increased activity in those areas which deal with emotion, arousal, and attention not surprisingly but also in the areas used to store episodic memory. It was found that if a biological mother had a criminal record, 50% of the adopted children also had one by the time they were 18. Damage to the gene in mice raises aggression. Twin studies are a well known method for identifying a genetic basis of behaviour. A short summary of Zimbardo was all that was needed. How do adoption studies investigate heritability? Presentation: How close, live, and immediate the violence was, Warmth: If the model was more friendly toward the subject. Brunner et al. Some even used the prisoners as slave labor on prison farms. Biosocial Bases of Criminal Behavior. Women are less likely to be victims of domestic violence if they have several brothers in town, so aggression can be controlled. Genetical Research on Serotonin AO1 The selection component analysis, which as an essential device makes use of genotypic mother . Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. This may be different from the way their Grandma drives! Genes alone do not control aggression. We assume that our parents will feed us and our friends will be pleased to see us because that is what normally happens. This, in turn, led the people who had been primed to act in a more aggressive manner. Mears (2013) believed that the code of the street is imported into prison and is the fundamental cause of aggression. Drugs increasing serotonin production lead to reduced levels of aggression, suggesting that low levels of serotonin are linked to increased aggression (Delville et al., 1997). Adoption studies look at how similar the adoptees are to their biological versus adoptive families. THE TWIN COEFFICIENT IS EXAMINED IN RELATION TO CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION GROUP TO WHICH THE TWINS BELONG, AND IT IS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE SPECIFIC TWIN MILIEU, WHICH IS A PRODUCT OF INHERITANCE AND ENVIRONMENT, HAS DIFFERING INFLUENCES ON MZ AND DZ TWINS PAIRS AS WELL AS ON PAIRS WITH VARYING ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUNDS. (2008) established that variations in male testosterone levels are inherited and, therefore, genetic. 298 + index. Scandanavian Studies in Criminology. 1:86. Make sure you know which is which. Festinger (1952) invented the term Deindividuation, defined by Fraser and Burchell (2001) as A process whereby normal constraints on behavior are weakened as persons lose their sense of individuality.. It looks at aggression as caused by a biological abnormality and doesn't necessarily acknowledge how this may interact with the environment and what other social and environmental factors are related to offending behaviour. Niko Tinbergen called these Fixed Action Patterns [FAP]. This is aggression within a single group, mainly linked to male rivalry and sexual jealousy. Boston House, Neural explanations describe behaviour in terms of abnormalities within the brain and the nervous system. Some of the most promising work involves the study of twins and adoptees. This creates disinhibition, and individuals unconsciously feel that if they commit aggression, they will not be punished. Google Scholar Christies, N., J. Andenaes, and S. Skerbaekk. He found that the chance of one twin engaging in criminal behavior when the other twin was criminal was 50% among the MZ twin pairs but only . To see off predators: For example, a group of hissing geese can drive off a fox, even though the fox would probably win a straight fight. THIS IS NOTED WITH REFERENCE TO URBAN VERSUS RURAL ENVIRONMENTS, OLDER VERSUS YOUNGER GENERATIONS, HIGHER VERSUS LOWER SOCIAL CLASSES, REARING FOR WOMEN VERSUS REARING FOR MEN, AND SANCTIONS AGAINST SERIOUS CRIME VERSUS SANCTIONS AGAINST MINOR OFFENSES. Bohman, M. 1978. Reductionist: Is this an over-simplification? New York:Gardner Press. Bruce Johnson is an A-level psychology teacher, and head of the sixth form at Caterham High School. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Twin studies compare how similar monozygotic and dizygotic twins are on a particular trait. In January 2012, there was a short question (4 marks) that just said; Describe one experiment which investigated Institutional Aggression. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. However, the experiments which have been done on mice relate to chemicals and genes which are very similar. (The cause may be abstract, too powerful, or unavailable.). Frustration is any event or stimulus that prevents an individual from attaining a goal and its accompanying reinforcement quality (Dollard & Miller, 1939). Often one person or a few people will behave in a certain way that others like so they copy. Hutchings, B. and S.A. Mednick. Aggressive behavior should always be shown to be punished Research can be used to reduce the effect of computer games on aggression. Rude words and hand signs can change, so not evolutionary. found that people with the low activity MAOA gene behaved aggressively in a lab-based game but only when provoked We should study aggression using a more interactionist approach. One criticism of adoption research is that it doesn't control whether the twins actually shared a similar environment growing up. 19 Union Square West, New York, NY 10003, United States. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6672-7_4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6672-7_4. Christiansen et al (1977) 5 terms emma_reed1709 WJEC Criminology, Unit 2, Twin Studies - Biol 6 terms emily_plested Psychological Explanations: Eysenck's Theory 10 terms Images charlotte_scollon Sets found in the same folder Types of Aggression 2 terms jack_squires3 1. This suggests testosterone doesnt simply cause aggression, but it makes aggression more likely as a response to frustration. Can we generalize from studies on animals to humans as their anatomy & physiology is different from humans? Pp. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 600, 8698. If individuals who are genetically similar in a population also share a common trait, this trait has ______ . Research support for the role of serotonin Berman et al. Google Scholar Crowe, R. 1975. If they remain similar to their biological family on a particular trait despite growing up with the adoptive family, this indicates a contribution of genetic factors to the trait. DNA provides instructions for general physical characteristics (e.g., height)and the process that occur within an organism (e.g. Let's say that the concordance rate for extraversion is 60%, then, if one twin was extroverted, there would be a 60% chance that the other would be as well. (Gardner Press, New York, 1977.) This may have been the MAIN reason for aggression, as there was no other property worth fighting over as we evolved. This suggests that regardless of the changed environment, children seemed biologically predisposed to criminality. LS23 6AD Contagion Theory : Starting point for deindividuation, Gergen 1973: Deindividuated persons in dark areas became more affectionate. Similarity: boys will copy boys, family links and groups, etc. Active way: Temperament can also impact the person's choices for themselves. When we encounter the trigger, we may respond in the way we have been primed. It isnt clear whether hormones promote aggression or aggressive behavior stimulates hormone production. Bandura (1973) Frustration may lead to aggression if that has worked for someone in the past and they have internalized that way of dealing with problems. 1968. Its 100% free. Gillingham, D. E. (2012). Edited by Sarnoff A. Mednick and Karl O. Christiansen. How do genes interact with environment to influence behavior? Punishing people will be considered unethical if they offend due to their biology. Reductionist: Sees only biological factors, overlooking social issues such as de-individuation. (1984) showed that adoptees (sons) are more likely to offend if their biological father has a criminal record. These may be live models, such as parents, or symbolic models, such as characters in the media. Christiansen (Eds.) Subscribe now and start your journey towards a happier, healthier you. Buss himself always points out that we are not controlled by our genes; we have inherited the ability to learn and to choose. Many adoptees are selectively placed in adoptive families that are similar to their biological ones. MALE MZ: 35%, MALE DZ: 13% FEMALE MZ: 21%. This was supported by a. decreased concentration of 5-HIAA (a serotonin metabolite) in the participants' urine samples. Emergent Norm Theory & convergence theory. Christiansen, K.O. where researchers have access to extensive data on over 3,500 twin pairs. [Like a red rag to a bull!]. Some people retreat, back down, and hide in their cells. Genetic factors do not work in isolation but interact with environmental factors as well. [1979] found that watching violent sports did not flush aggression out of the system but tended to increase it. 1965. . Prisoners were often gang members before going to prison, and their loyalties and relationships are continued in the prison environment. It was later found that the gene is present in 58% of African American men and 36% of European men, so it is actually a mainstream genetic variation with adaptive advantages associated with risk-taking. He defined psychopathy as follows: 1. 345. Gen. Psychiatry. Firstly, the concordance rates are low, even for monozygotic twins, which indicates that the environment still plays a large part in criminal behaviour. Some characters, and some types of behavior, are more likely to be copied because they are seen as attractive and appropriate, etc. These twins were then cheked against Danish police records. One way around this is to use adoption studies, which enable psychologists to rule out the effects of the environment, since the adoptees are being raised in a different environment from the biological parent concerned. What are the three ways in which genetics influence the environment? Plomin, R., & Asbury, K. (2005). <i>Experimental Methodology.</i>. That being said, those who had previously agreed with the concept of atavistic form, later retracted that assertion, but did go on to say that while it may not account for the whole criminal population, it could explain as much as a third of it (Lombroso-Ferrero, 1911). This theory fails to explain premeditated aggression and bearing grudges. Cognitive priming is based on the idea that memory works through association. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. ZYGOSITY OF THE TWINS STUDIED WAS DETERMINED BY MEANS OF A MODIFIED SIMILARITY TEST BASED ON A QUESTIONNAIRE. Wender, and F. Schulsinger. When you think about why people commit crimes, do you think of nature or nurture? Twin studies are a well-known method for identifying a genetic basis of behaviour. Stereotyped: behavior follows a certain pattern each time. Methods: Asurvey among all 3,099 Danish twins ages 75 years and older identified in the Danish Twin Registry. AO3 However criminality is not always the same as aggression. It takes away from people's ability to make free choices about their behaviour and assumes that a genetic predisposition is bound to cause offending. Grove (1990): Study of Twins Reared Apart, Mednick et al. Crowe, R. 1975. In:D. Rosenthal and S.S. Kety (Eds.) Certain cues may increase the tendency towards aggression, such as seeing a weapon on the table Berkowitz used a baseball bat in experiments. Haller, M.H. Copenhagen:Gyldendal. What was Lombrosos theory of crime called? However, it can be considered reductionist and deterministic. Harris (1974) Found that people at the front of a cue were less aggressive if someone pushed in, whereas people at the back of a long cue felt a greater sense of frustration and, therefore, made a bigger fuss. Using old Danish police records Christiansen (1977) demonstrated that levels of criminality showed a stronger correlation between identical twins - with the same genes - than between dizygotic twins. Every act, every single click on the mouse, is instantly rewarded by the computers response. Desensitisation can be monitored by physical indicators of stress, such as heartbeat and galvanic skin response. Jealous males are determined to pass on their OWN genes. Exam tip the Brunner study can be used as an example of both genetic and neural explanations, as both explanations can be used to justify the conclusions drawn by the researchers. Most recently Christiansen (1977) has reported on the criminality of a total population of 3,586 twin pairs from a well defined area of Denmark.2 He found 52 percent of the twins concordant for criminal behavior for (male male) identical twin pairs, and 22 percent concordance for (male-male) fraternal twin pairs. However, it does make sense to spend more time on those topics which have not appeared for a while. The passive, the reactive and the active way. Cause and effect Berkowitz argued that frustration is just one of many stimuli that cause negative feelings. The idea behind biological explanations of offending behaviour is that crime is associated with biological abnormalities. Arch. Twin studies compare how similar monozygotic and dizygotic twins are on a particular trait. A consistent pattern, lasting beyond 19 years of age, of im- pulse-ridden or acting-out behavior must be evident. You can also search for this author in Due to a rare genetic disease, which caused a MAO-A enzyme deficiency and an abnormality in breaking down serotonin. But people were less angry if the bus had a sign saying out of service [Pastore 1952]. Ethology is where we learn about human psychology from studying other animals. Individual factors [Collins 1989] make disinhibition more or less likely: Disinhibition is less likely if Strong family norms against violence or when adults discuss issues from the film with their children. Also, they may have been aware of the experiment from other children in the group. These are both examples of demand characteristics. percentages to show how many twin pairs share the behaviour under observation) can help to indicate a possible genetic tendency. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. At the time of the Zimbardo experiment, there were many prisons in the united states where conditions were extremely poor, violent, and overcrowded. Evidence for General Aggression Model: Meta-Analysis Findings: Anderson et al. During an action movie, we feel excited and stimulated. I am primed to respond differently to the cricket ball. The serotonin deficiency hypothesis states that decreased serotonin disturbs the OFC and, therefore, reduces the inhibitory effect (of normal serotonin levels) with the consequence that individuals are less able to control impulsive and aggressive behavior. Monoamines include many neurotransmitters that facilitate communication between brain areas. For example, a twin study may find a 68% concordance between monozygotic twins, but if they are raised in the same home environment, then the chances are that they will be treated in a similar way by their parents/siblings and therefore the learning environment that they grow up in is likely to be a factor in their behaviour. They claimed that even playing the game just once could have this effect, although the effect might only be short-term. Basic ideas are taught at the basic levels, and behavior is constantly shaped to conform to the rules of the game. This was used most frequently in order to explain the cause of crime through genetic reasoning. Also, if the problem is unexpected, the individual is less likely to control their aggression. Strength RWA We can show more non-aggressive models and promote more prosocial behavior that is rewarded in the media. Consider Christiansen (1977): in monozygotic twins, there was a concordance rate for males of 35% for criminal behaviour and 21% for females for criminal behaviour. In:D. Glass (Ed.) The water level gradually fills up till you flush it then it has to be filled up again. 89. Therefore de-individuation need not always lead to aggression, Postmes & Spears (1988): Deindividuated people are not necessarily aggressive Crowds may be happy and good-natured as at pop festivals. Let's consider the example of the MAOA gene; while a shorter variation of this gene is independently linked to violent behaviour, it can also interact with one's nurture. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. LeBon suggested that when in a crowd, the combination of anonymity, suggestibility, and contagion (likelihood of a behavior being copied) mean that a collective mind take control of the individual. Baltimore:John Hopkins University Press. If the role of biochemistry can be understood, it can then be treated and managed But it is unethical to give drugs to humans to alleviate aggression as it could lead to social control This could be treated more ethically through diet and exercise which acts on neural mechanisms. The conclusion here is that individuals can inherit genetic conditions which make them prone to offending behaviour. 1977b. The central idea of this theory is that humans have a natural tendency to be aggressive if they think they can get away with it. Giving testosterone to newborn female mice made them act like males with increased aggression when given testosterone as adults. what christiansen was trying to find out he analysed pairs of twins in an effort to determine whether criminal tendencies might be inherited study - procedures monozygotic ( identical) twins where used as they share the same genes as they both developed from the same egg therefore if 1 twin is criminal, so should the other one By studying identical twins reared apart, Grove (1990) wanted to investigate if their similarities remain even if they don't share their environment. But 30 years ago parents, especially mothers, were blamed for their childrens autism. David Buss has identified 7 adaptations of aggression in humans: Reputation to ward off future aggression, To achieve status more allies, fewer enemies. Neuropsychopharmacol 32, 23752383 (2007). This explanation was probably an example of Lorenz trying to adapt Freudian ideas to animals! Daley and Wilson (1988): Men may use jealousy and violence to control partners sexual behavior Violence is not intended to kill but may have that result. Twin Studies . Get and keep a better share of resources. Findings revealed testosterone levels governed aggression. What twin study investigated the heritability of offending behaviour? Long-term Disinhibition: Too much violent TV can change our actual moral values so that we see more violent standards of behavior as acceptable. Contradictory evidence Bushman found that participants who vented their anger using a punch bag actually became more angry and aggressive, and doing nothing was actually more effective in reducing aggression The study casts doubt on the validity of the hypothesis: that aggression reduces arousal and one is then less likely to continue to be angry and aggressive and suggests that aggression may not be cathartic.
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